Anyone who suggested that what is happening today was a likely scenario was criticised as being a pro-Saddam appeaser, anti-American, or both.

Yet a sober assessment of the difficulties ahead would have helped to avoid many of the mistakes that have proved to be so costly in terms of American lives and not to mention the suffering of Iraqis.

Now some voices in the United States and elsewhere are proposing military action against Iran. So it is logical to ask: what are the realistic scenarios concerning the consequences of such an intervention? Are there any plans regarding how to handle the post-strike situation?

Without doubt, those nations willing to attack either alone or in a coalition have a range of options, ranging from naval and air blockades to targetted raids, sabotage inside the country and massive attack from without. But the Iranians also have cards up their sleeves, some predictable, some wild.

They may become malicious and aggressive in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Iranian- and Syrian-backed Hezbollah militia may reinitiate hostilities. Terrorist groups, both old and newly created, may receive fresh funding and volunteers.

A direct military showdown in the Gulf and the Straits of Hormuz, through which about 40 per cent of the world's traded oil is shipped, cannot be ruled out. As a consequence, oil prices would skyrocket. Some analysts argue that the negative effects of such an outcome would only last for "months". In their view, once Iran's military capabilities and nuclear programme are destroyed, the Iranians will no longer represent a threat.

However, it seems obvious that whatever happens, the Iranians will fight an asymmetric war not only on their own territory, but also in the neighboring region for years to come. As the case of Iraq shows, "months" is a long time in the Middle East.

The fact that an Iranian reaction to any military attack might be ferocious does not mean that Iran's government should be allowed to do whatever it deems appropriate. On the contrary, the international community must be ready to enforce the most sacrosanct rules of peaceful coexistence, and sometimes this may include resorting to the use of force. But, in an interdependent and interconnected world, the use of armed force cannot be the result of national political calculations alone. Rather, it must be the product of the widest possible consensus on a critical threat assessment.

The war against Iraq in 1991 is the leading example of military intervention following global consensus. If such a consensus cannot be reached, at least Western powers and like-minded states must agree, as in Kosovo in 1999, for example. The third military action endorsed by a small group of states should be avoided, for practical, legal and moral reasons. Today, efficiency of external action is inextricably linked to its legitimacy.

When it comes to deciding on how to deal with Iran, the US and its allies should bear in mind the following principles. First, it is crucial to make a rational threat assessment. Learning the lessons of the decision to invade Iraq, democracies should not allow personal obsessions, fantasies and dogmas to contaminate the foreign policy-making process. It is essential to distinguish between what we know, what we ought to know and what, therefore, we would like the Iranians to tell us and what is speculation. Alarm bells signalling that the time to take action has arrived should ring at the right moment, and not before.

Second, as long as a serious breach of international law is not detected, negotiations with Iran must continue. Iran is a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has repeatedly declared that its nuclear programme is for peaceful purposes only. Engaging in discussions with Iran does not necessarily mean that we believe or deny those declarations. Rather, it provides a way of reaching a better understanding of their point of view.

Negotiations are useful too, because they promote an internal debate in Iran. While an end to all contacts would probably lead to further radicalisation, negotiations and the mere prospect of a future settlement may reinforce the influence of moderates. With historical perspective, lack of proper negotiations has been counterproductive in the North Korean case.

Third, sanctions should not be discarded, but they should be interpreted as a means of pressure rather than as a mere prelude to war. As Javier Solana, the European Union's chief diplomat, who has conducted lengthy negotiations with Iran, rightly points out, even if the United Nations Security Council approves sanctions against Iran, the door to negotiations will always be open. The same applies, of course, to sanctions dictated by Western powers on their own.

Finally, dealing with the Middle East, not just with Iran, requires a fresh, open-minded and comprehensive approach. All regional and local actors should be involved. New methods should be explored.

The United States administration must recognize that foreign policy is not security policy, and that a powerful military is not a magic wand.

True, if one has a hammer, all problems look like nails. The real trouble begins when one thinks that the hammer might be the right solution for headaches, too.

Martin Ortega

Paris

Martin Ortega is senior research fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies in Paris, editor of "The European Union and the United Nations", and author of "Cosmocracia: Poltica Global Para el Siglo XXI".

Copyright: Project Syndicate.