Almost everywhere, debate has raged about how to combine market forces and social security. The left calls for an expansion of social protection; the right says that doing so would undermine economic growth and widen fiscal deficits.

But the debate can be moved forward by examining the successful economies of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. While no regional experience is directly transferable, the Nordic countries have successfully combined social welfare with high income levels, solid economic growth and macroeconomic stability. They have also achieved high standards of governance.

To be sure, there are also differences among the Nordic states, with social welfare spending the highest in Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, and a bit lower in Finland and Iceland. Nevertheless, whereas the taxes at the national level in the United States are equal to around 20 per cent of GNP, in the Nordic countries the ratio is more than 30 per cent.

High taxation supports comprehensive national healthcare, education, pensions and other social services, resulting in low levels of poverty and a relatively narrow income gap between the richest and poorest households. In the US, the poorest 20 per cent of households receive just 5 per cent of total income, putting their income at around one-fourth of the national average. In the Nordic countries, by contrast, the poorest 20 per cent of households receive nearly 10 per cent of total income, putting them at roughly one-half of the national average.

American conservatives argue that a large public sector is subject to inefficiency and mismanagement, corruption and bureaucratic abuse, while the taxation needed to support it blunts economic efficiency. But each of these propositions is refuted by the Nordic experience.

Consider the claims of inefficiency and waste. As a result of government-funded national health insurance, the Nordic countries have a higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rate than the US. Life expectancy is close to 80 years in the Nordic countries, compared with 78 years in the US, where the government does not guarantee national health insurance, and millions of families are too poor to pay for it on their own. Ironically, the heavy reliance on the private sector in the US system is so inefficient that Americans pay a larger share of GNP for health (14 per cent) than do the Nordic countries (11 per cent) but get less.

Similarly, although social-welfare spending is lower in the US than in the Nordic countries, its budget deficit as a share of national income is much larger. The US spends less in the public sector but taxes even less than it spends.

Nor has high taxation in the Nordic countries impeded economic performance. Rather than relying mainly on income taxation, as in the US, the Nordic countries rely on value-added taxation, which provides a relatively high amount of revenue with relatively low rates of evasion and few distortions to the economy.

The Nordic experience also belies conservatives' claims that a large social-welfare state weakens incentives to work and save. National savings in the Nordic countries averages more than 20 per cent of national income, compared with around 10 per cent in the US. Moreover, economic growth in the Nordic countries has been similar to that in the US in recent years. Income levels are higher on average in the US but mainly because the Nordic countries work fewer hours per week. In any case, all of the Nordic countries have very high incomes, and Norway's per-capita income exceeds that of the US.

Several factors appear to explain the Nordic countries' economic success. Taxation is broad-based and relatively non-distorting, while open international trade, market forces and private ownership of industry are relied on to maintain incentives. The Nordic countries are not "socialist" economies, based on state ownership and planning, but rather "social-welfare" economies, based on private ownership and markets, with public provision of social protection. Importantly, they invest heavily in higher education and in science and technology, so they remain at the cutting edge of high-technology industries.

But how replicable are the Nordic successes? These countries have small populations, easy access to international trade, natural resources and peaceful neighbours. Most notably, they are ethnically homogeneous, so that social divisions are more amenable to compromise. However, this means that the challenge of maintaining a strong social-welfare state in ethnically and racially diverse societies like the US is not economic, but rather one of promoting respect and inclusiveness.

Jeffrey Sachs is a professor of economics and the director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University in New York.

Copyright: Project Syndicate.

 Jeffrey Sachs